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- FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS
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- While a properly documented and run corporation
- may insulate one from direct liability, a judgment
- creditor, by taking over a controlling shareholder's
- stock, may force the sale of the corporate assets, or
- take other heavy handed actions. A general partnership
- offers no asset protection as all partners are
- permitted to control all assets. However, the limited
- partnership is a hybrid of unique character. As most
- limited partnership abuses have occurred in the past in
- the public offering stage of a public investment
- partnership's creation, the only real body of law
- regarding "partner's rights" involve the offer itself.
- The Securities and Exchange Commission and local state
- agencies have large staffs fully ready to investigate
- and punish wicked promoters who fleece innocent
- investor's of their invested dollars. Once you are
- validly admitted to the partnership as a limited
- partner your sole voice in the partnership is through
- the paltry rights written into the Articles of Limited
- Partnership. While your attorney or advisor would
- normally review the Articles to assure that you have,
- in common with a majority of other limited partners,
- basic rights as to the general direction of the
- partnership, and that the General Partner has a clearly
- defined scope of authority to mange a specific type of
- business, there is no provision of the Revised Uniform
- Limited Partnership Act that keeps the Articles from
- greatly diminishing these "shareholder rights." Thus
- is born the Family Limited Partnership (the "FLP").
- The FLP usually has as its General Partner (the
- "GP") either a corporation or the person whose assets
- are being protected. As the General Partner makes all
- decisions regarding partnership business and
- assets,this keeps control with this person even if it
- is decided to put a majority of "ownership" in the name
- of other limited partners, such as the spouse or
- children. If a doctor became the GP of a FLP with
- 1.00% interest, and kept a 15.00% interest as a limited
- partner, with family members owning the other 84.00%,
- the Articles could require an 85.00% vote prior to any
- combination of partners being able to force the GP to
- either distribute partnership assets or resign his sole
- authority. As the liberal gifting provisions of the
- estate/gift tax rules permit substantial transfers over
- time from one generation to the next, it is possible by
- using the FLP to give to one's children almost the
- entire estate while retaining 100% control over it
- until one's death! Thus the FLP has uses outside of
- lawsuit and asset protection.
- Assume that as part of a valid estate plan a
- business owner has taken the following course of
- action. He and his wife have executed joint wills that
- recognize their fully funded living trusts. The trusts
- have organized the ownership of the assets so that upon
- his death his estate has no significant assets to
- probate. The assets of the trusts are primarily family
- limited partnerships. Over a period of years enough of
- his assets have been gifted to the children and
- grandchildren that the value of the estate that will go
- to the spouse will be less than the amount that would
- subject it to estate taxes. He has provided that the
- spouse will become the successor trustee of the trusts
- and General Partner of the Family Limited Partnerships,
- thus retaining control for her until her death.
- However, while he is alive a financial calamity befalls
- him through a lawsuit, trial and judgment. If he was
- not protected it could wipe him out. However, upon
- post trial discovery the judgment lien holder
- ascertains that the bulk of his assets have been
- encapsulated by the family limited partnerships. To
- reach a partner's interest in a limited partnership a
- creditor has sole use of a legal device called a
- "Charging Order."
- The charging order must follow a very different
- set of rules than apply to court ordered sales of other
- personal property. A charging order against a limited
- partner's interest in a partnership merely gives the
- creditor the right to receive such partner's share of
- partnership distributions but gives it no right to vote
- for them or require a BP to exercise his discretion to
- distribute them. In effect, a creditor with a charging
- order becomes an assignee of the limited partner's
- interest and not,in fact, a limited partner.
- Accordingly, the IRS has held that an assignee of a
- limited partnership interest must be liable for any
- taxes applicable to that interest's K-1 tax return.
- (K-1 is the return filed by a partnership, showing the
- shares of each partner. The partnership itself does not
- pay the taxes -- each partner is responsible for paying
- his share.) Thus the creditor, having started down the
- valley of the charging order finds that he can get no
- money and must even pay tax on partnership profits
- applicable to his debtor! The partnership might even
- deliberately increase taxable earnings in those years.
- A prudent lawyer would not permit his client to find
- himself in that position.
- If you have any dangerous assets such as rental
- properties or businesses with employees, they should be
- out in their own limited partnerships. A corporation
- should be the general partner of them. Safe assets,
- such as bank accounts, stock, jewelry, personal
- property other than vehicles, can be put in a
- partnership with the individual as general partner.
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